contoh Summarry or fortopolio grammar
1. Article A, AN and THE
Artikel adalah bagian dalam tata bahasa Inggris. Dalam penggunaannya artikel disandarkan pada objek yang dituju dalam kalimat. Artikel A dan An adalah artikel yang digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu objek yang belum jelas secara spesifikasi. Sebagai contoh:
A baseball is round (general-means all baseball)
I saw a boy in the street (we don’t know which boy)
Perbedaan dan cara penggunaan artikel ini adalah dengan membedakan antara bunyi vocal dan konsonan dari objek yang di tuju. Artikel A digunakan untuk objek yang berbunyi konsonan dan artikel An digunakan untuk bunyi vocal.
· A book
· An apple
· A university
· An umbrella
Artike selanjutnya adalah The Merupakan artikel yang digunakan dalam kalimat untuk menunjukan objek yang jelas secara spesifikasinya. Pada artikel ini tidak terikat dengan bunyi konsonan atau pun vocal.
The boy in the corner is my friend (the speaker and the listener know which boy)
The earth is round (there is only one earth)
Pada kalimat pertama, boy merupakan laki-laki yang sama-sama diketahui oleh pembicara. Begitupun dengan kalimat kedua, earth merupakan objek yang secara umum diketahui oleh orang-orang.
Exercise
In the following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the ) if they are necessary. If no article is necessary, leave the space blank.
1. Jason’s father bought him.......bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday
2. Rita is studying ...............English and ................Math this semester
3. ...............big book on............table are for my history class
4. No one in ................Spanish class knew............correct answer to .........Mrs. Perez’s question
With non-count nouns, one uses the article the if speaking in specific terms, but uses no article if speaking in general.
Use the following generalizations as a guide for the use of the article the.
Use THE with | Don’t use THE with |
Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the persian Gulf, the Great Lakes | Singular lakes Lake Geneve, Lake Erie |
Mountains The Rocky Mountain, The Andes | Mounts Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley |
Earth, moon The earth, the moon | Planets, constellations Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion |
The university of Florida | Santa Fe Community College |
Other
The use of word other is often a cause of confusion for foreign students. Study the following formulas.
With count Nouns | With Non-Count Nouns |
An+other+singular noun (one more) Another pencil = one more pencil | |
The other + singular noun (last of the set) The other pencil = the last pencil present | |
Other + plural noun (more of the set) Other pencil = some more pencils | Other + noun-count nouns (more of the set) Other water = some more water |
The other + plural noun (the rest of the set) The other pencils = all remaining pencils | The other + non-count noun (all the rest) The other water = the remaining water |
Examples:
I don’t want this book. Please give me another
(another = any other book-not specific)
I don’t want this book. Please give me the other
(the other = the other book-specific)
This chemical is poisonouns. Others are posionous too.
(others = other chemicals-not specific)
I don’t want these books. Please give me the others
(the others = the other books-specific)
2. Cardinal and ordinal number
Cardinal number is a number indicate the counting or calculating
Cardinal numbers are used to:
ü Show price
ü Show time
ü Show physical appearances such as weights, heights, ages etc.
ü Show speed
ü Announce flight number, etc
The function of cardinal number:
A. Indicate the date
Example:
- January 3rd (January third)
- December 31 (December 31)
B. To indicate the year
Example: 1968 (nineteen sixty eight)
C. To indicate the time (hours)
Example: 10.00 = ten o’clock
Study the table below
Time | Questions | Responses |
Time | What time is it now? What’s the time? | It is five o’clock |
Day | What day is it today? What day is it tomorrow? What day was it yesterday? | It’s Wednesday It’s Thursday It was Tuesday |
Months | What month is it now? What month is next month? What month was last month/ | It’s january It’s february It was december |
Dates and years | What date is it today? What is the date today | It’s the thirty first of july two thousand and ten |
D. To indicate the phone number
Example: 91844918 (nine one eight four four nine one eight)
E. Used sum in arithmatic, like
- Multiplication (.......times.....)
Example: 5x5=25 (five times five is twenty five)
- Division (......divided by.....)
Example: 20:2 =10 (twenty divided by two is ten)
- Addition (.....plus......)
Example: 15+15=30 (fifteen plus fifteen is thirty)
- Substraction (.....minus......)
Example: 55-10= 45 (fifty five minus ten is fourty five)
- Even number
Example: two, four, six, eight
- Odd number
Example: one, three, five, seven
- Decimal form
Example: - 0.6 +0.3 = 0.9 (zero point six plus zero point three is zero point nine)
Ordinal number
Ordinal number is a number indicate rotation.
Sample:
1st =first
2nd= second
3rd= third
4th= fourth
5th=fifth
The function of ordinal number
1) Indicate the rank or level
Example:
The first word that the baby could say is mommy
The supermarket lies in the second floor of the building
Aini is in the third grade of vocational High School
2) Indicate the date
Example:
1st january (january the first / the first of january ) people celebrate New year’s Eve in 1st January.
31st december (thirty first of december)
The auxiliaries: Do, May, Might, Can
Personal pernoun
To replace someone or thing that we have mentioned and we want to use it again, we replace it into pronoun. From pronoun we can find the possesive.
Pronoun | Possesive | ||||
Subject | Object | Poss. Adj. | Poss. Pronoun | ||
Person | Aina | She | Her | Her........ | Hers |
Rudi | He | Him | His...... | His | |
Azkia | They | Them | Their........... | Theirs | |
I+Dito | We | Us | Our...... | Ours | |
I | Us | Our...... | Ours | ||
You | You | Your......... | Yours. | ||
Thing | A car | It | It | Its......... | Its |
Shirts | They | They | Their..... | Theirs | |
Kinds of adjectives to form adjective phrase
1. Colour
Colours can make our life bright and interesting. Imagine how boring our life would be if there were no colours. We cannot enjoy the beauty of flowers, rainbow, butterflies, etc.
Wherever we are, we will find colours: at home, at school, in the park, in the garden, etc. We will also find colours from the time we get up in the morning until the time we go to bed at night.
So, colours are very meaningful in our life. Here are the colors:
Red
Black
Yellow
Blue
Example,
The cirle is red. It is a red circle.
The triangle is yellow. It is a yellow triangle
2. Quality
Pay attention to the words below!
Nice
Interesting
Handsome
Dirty
Famous
Beautiful
Friendly
Example.
The suitcace is good. It is a good suitcase
The butterfly is lovely. It is a lovely butterfly
3. Size
Pay attention to the below!
Big
Small
Large
Short
Deep
Thick
Tall
